Heat Action Plan
This overview was generated with AI from the public sources listed below and checked against them before publication. It has not had a complete human fact-check — treat it as a starting point and follow the sources.
1 sourced claim on this page, none individually verified yet — turn on “Sources in the text” to see each one.
How this atlas is made · What “last verified” means · What “source-checked” means · The full record behind this page
✎ Updated 21 Aug 2026 Publication date recorded for 3 sources. · 2 revisions in all What changed →
May 2010 brought 1,344 more deaths than a normal May. The answer was not hardware: a forecast above 41°C now lands on a named officer's desk, and each colour band says who has to do what.
what does this mean?
The strongest source behind this entry is an independent peer-reviewed or academic study. It grades who did the looking — not how well the project went. All four grades →Part of 1001 Smart Cities — 1,167 documented projects · 🏙️ 5 more in Ahmedabad · 🌡️ Heat & cooling guide · 👥 Society projects
After a May 2010 heat wave that peaked at 46.8°C and left an estimated 1,344 excess deaths, Ahmedabad wrote what the peer-reviewed literature calls South Asia's first heat-health action plan. The India Meteorological Department sends the municipal corporation probabilistic maximum-temperature forecasts up to seven days ahead; a forecast of 41–42.9°C triggers a yellow alert, 43–44.9°C an orange one, and 45°C or above a red one. A nodal officer in the AMC health department converts each band into named actions — heat wards and oral rehydration corners in municipal hospitals and urban health centres, staff training, altered work and school hours.
📊 Impact
A pre/post evaluation published in 2018 compared 2007–2010 with 2014–2015 and found the all-cause mortality rate ratio at 47°C fell from 2.34 (95% CI 1.98–2.76) before the plan to 1.25 (95% CI 1.02–1.53) after it, estimating 1,190 (95% CI 162–2,218) annualised deaths avoided. The design is ecological: it cannot separate the plan from everything else that changed in those years, and the authors call it a pilot evaluation.
🎓 Lesson
The plan bought almost no sensing. What it built was an addressee — a forecast, a numbered threshold, and one official whose job is to act on it. Cities that buy the measurement and leave the last step unassigned end up with a reading nobody owns.
Sources
📅 How old is the evidence?
Two clocks, kept apart: when this entry’s sources were published, and what has happened to its record in the atlas. Documented span: since 2013. 3 of 3 sources carry a publication date, from 14 March 2014 to 1 November 2018.
When the sources were published
- PLOS (Public Library of Science) · researchAzhar et al., PLOS ONE (peer-reviewed)
- PubMed Central (U.S. National Library of Medicine) · researchKnowlton et al., Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (peer-reviewed)
- PubMed Central (U.S. National Library of Medicine) · researchHess et al., Journal of Environmental and Public Health (peer-reviewed)
What happened to this record
Show your work What this page rests on and what it can’t tell you · all 1 claims with their sources · the forensic record
Evidence Passport · public beta 1 addressable claim, 3 source dossiers, one permanent baseline. The passport is unreviewed — an AI-assisted structural migration, not a human or expert endorsement. Every revision keeps a permanent copy under revision history.
Inspect the claims, one by one — verbatim text, sources and caveats for all 1
The text below is copied verbatim from the published record. Each claim names the source dossiers that carry it; caveats stay attached to the claim they qualify.
clm-ee2c9e8767399d12
quantitative
the all-cause mortality rate ratio at 47°C fell from 2.34 (95% CI 1.98–2.76) before the plan to 1.25 (95% CI 1.02–1.53) after it, estimating 1,190 (95% CI 162–2,218) annualised deaths avoided
Sources carrying this claim
Forensic record — source dossiers, gaps, hashes and the exact revision this page renders
This layer records what is known about each source, what is still missing, and the exact snapshot this page is rendering. A missing date, archive or hash stays visible as missing.
Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither.
sha256:48c68b3452024d0dafa4fb1e33ad73ef3af35a29f30ec9dee55c5591bf9a846a
- 1
- of 1 claims mapped
- 3
- source dossiers
- 3
- publication dates recorded
- 1
- archives linked
- 0
- exact locators
- 0
- content captures hashed
Governance facts carried by the record
- Operator
- Amdavad Municipal Corporation health department, on forecasts from the India Meteorological Department
- Actor types
- city-government, national-government, research
- Funding model
- public
- Funding description
- Not recorded
- Cost
- Not recorded
- Ownership
- Not recorded
- Decision rights
- Not recorded
- Exit conditions
- Not recorded
3 source dossiers
Azhar et al., PLOS ONE (peer-reviewed)
- Stable source ID
src-d7cbf5a1f5777271- Publisher
- Name not classified · journals.plos.org
- Type / language
- web-page · language not classified
- Published
- 2014-03-14
- Updated
- Not recorded
- Source last checked
- No source-level check date
- Record last verified
- 2026-08-06
- Dossier created
- 2026-08-21
- Retrieved copy
- No local capture recorded
- Archive
- No archived copy linked
- Content hash
- No captured content hash
- Locator
- Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Open the recorded source note
Carries the 2010 death toll and the peak temperature. Verbatim: '4,462 all-cause deaths occurred, comprising an excess of 1,344 all-cause deaths', 'an estimated 43.1% increase when compared to the reference period', and 'the temperatures reached a high of 46.8°C'. NOTE for future editors: the widely quoted '4,462 deaths' is the total for May 2010, NOT the excess — the excess is 1,344.
- Claims linked
- Background source; no baseline claim points here
Knowlton et al., Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (peer-reviewed)
- Stable source ID
src-160b5cacddf8f27b- Publisher
- Name not classified · pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Type / language
- web-page · language not classified
- Published
- 2014-03-25
- Updated
- Not recorded
- Source last checked
- No source-level check date
- Record last verified
- 2026-08-06
- Dossier created
- 2026-08-21
- Retrieved copy
- No local capture recorded
- Archive
- No archived copy linked
- Content hash
- No captured content hash
- Locator
- Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Open the recorded source note
Development and implementation of the plan; the paper's own title describes it as 'South Asia's First Heat-Health Action Plan', which is why the entry attributes the superlative to the literature rather than asserting it.
- Claims linked
- Background source; no baseline claim points here
Hess et al., Journal of Environmental and Public Health (peer-reviewed)
- Stable source ID
src-37cedc22896871e7- Publisher
- Name not classified · pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Type / language
- web-page · language not classified
- Published
- 2018-11-01
- Updated
- Not recorded
- Source last checked
- No source-level check date
- Record last verified
- 2026-08-06
- Dossier created
- 2026-08-21
- Retrieved copy
- No local capture recorded
- Archive
- Open archived copy ↗ · 2026-07-18
- Content hash
- No captured content hash
- Locator
- Descriptive only — not page/paragraph exact
Open the recorded source note
Carries the alert thresholds and the mortality result. Verbatim: yellow alert 'forecasted Tmax 41–42.9°C', orange '43–44.9°C', red 'forecasted Tmax of 45°C or higher'; 'RR of 2.34 (95% CI 1.98–2.76)' pre-HAP versus 'RR of 1.25 (1.02–1.53)' post-HAP; 'An estimated 1,190 (95%CI 162–2,218) average annualized deaths were avoided in the post-HAP period'. A nodal officer in the city health department coordinates the alerts.
- Claims linked
Known limits of this passport
- Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.
- Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.
- A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.
- The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim.
Continue exploring
Compare this project
A city notices the heat — what is it actually able to do?
Four responses to the same hazard, ordered by how far the city's own hand reaches: from a post created by philanthropy to a plan that changes what hospitals and water carriers do on a forecast day.
| Project | Since | Status | Outcome | Evidence | Run by | Cost | What the city can actually act on |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heat Action PlanAhmedabad, 🇮🇳 | 2013 | Live | Ongoing | Peer-reviewed | City government, National government, Research institution | not public | A forecast triggers an alert the municipal corporation acts on, and the peer-reviewed literature calls it South Asia's first heat-health action plan. |
| Cool Pavement ProgrammeLos Angeles, 🇺🇸 | 2017 | Live | Succeeded | Peer-reviewed | City government | ~$40,000 per lane-mile (StreetsLA); FY2023 ~$4M from the Street Damage Restoration Fee | Physical change the city controls outright: reflective coating on residential streets, prioritised in the hottest neighbourhoods. |
| Extrema Global Heat Risk ApplicationAthens, 🇬🇷 | 2018 | Live | Ongoing | Independent | Research institution, City government | not public | Information rather than infrastructure: personalised heat-risk scores and directions to the nearest cool space. |
| Miami-Dade's Chief Heat Officer and Extreme Heat Action PlanMiami, 🇺🇸 | 2021 | Completed | Scaled back | Media | Regional government | not public | A post rather than a power — created with philanthropic seed money, and abolished when the budget and state law closed in. |
Explore the wider context
📎 Cite this project
1001 Smart Cities (2026). “Heat Action Plan” — Ahmedabad, India. The Smart City Atlas. https://1001smartcities.org/projects/ahmedabad-heat-action-plan/ (last verified 2026-08-06). Data: CC BY 4.0.
The underlying data is free to reuse with attribution — see the open data page.